161
Análisis y Modicación de Conducta
2023, Vol. 49, Nº 181, 161-177
ISSN: 0211-7339
http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/amc.v49i181.8110
Explorng the Impact of Parental Attachment and
Communcaton on Adolescent Mental Health: Trustng
Bonds and Open Dalogues
Explorando el impacto del apego y la comunicación
parental en la salud mental de los adolescentes:
vínculos de conanza y diálogos abiertos
Eglantina Dervishi1; Albana Canollari-Baze2; Fidane Ibrahimaj3
1Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
2Schiller International University, Paris, France
3Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Resumen
Este estudio emplea un diseño correlacional descriptivo
para investigar la asociación entre las dimensiones del ape-
go adolescente con sus progenitores y el bienestar emocio-
nal, psicológico y social. Se utilizaron medidas de autoinfor-
me para recopilar los datos. Se administró el Inventario de
Apego Parental (IPPA), compuesto por 50 enunciados que
evaluaban el apego tanto con la madre como con padre por
separado. Además, se empleó el Inventario breve del Con-
tinuo de Salud Mental (MHC-SF), que consta de 14 ítems
que representan el bienestar general de los adolescentes y
abarca tres dimensiones: bienestar emocional, psicológico
y social. La muestra de este estudio estuvo compuesta por
499 participantes con edades comprendidas entre 15 y 18
años, seleccionados entre estudiantes de primero, segundo
y algunos terceros cursos de secundaria. La distribución de
edades de los participantes fue la siguiente: el 11,6% tenía
15 años, el 34,8% tenía 16 años, el 33,9% tenía 17 años y el
19,7% tenía 18 años. Este estudio exploró la relación entre
las dimensiones del apego adolescente con los progenito-
res y el bienestar emocional, psicológico y social. Los hallaz-
gos resaltan la importancia de la conanza y la comunica-
ción tanto con la madre como con el padre para promover
resultados positivos de salud mental entre los adolescentes.
En concreto, se encontró que la conanza con la madre tie-
ne un impacto sustancial en la salud mental, incrementán-
dola en un 20,3%. De manera similar, la comunicación tanto
con la madre como con el padre inuyeron positivamente
en la salud mental, con un aumento del 8,4% atribuido a
la comunicación con la madre y un notable aumento del
26,1% asociado a la comunicación con el padre.
PalabRas clave
Apego adolescente, conanza parental, salud
mental, bienestar emocional, bienestar psicológico,
bienestar social.
abstRact
This study employs a descriptive correlational design to
investigate the association between dimensions of adoles-
cent attachment to parents and emotional, psychological,
and social well-being. Self-report measures were utilized to
gather data. The Inventory of Parental Attachment (IPPA)
was administered, comprising 50 statements that assessed
attachment to both mother and father separately. Additio-
nally, the Mental Health Continuum Short Form (MHC-SF)
was employed, consisting of 14 items representing the ove-
rall well-being of adolescents and encompassing three di-
mensions: emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
The sample for this study comprised 499 participants aged
between 15 and 18 years, selected from rst, second, and
some third-year high school students. The distribution of
participants’ ages was as follows: 11.6% were 15 years old,
34.8% were 16 years old, 33.9% were 17 years old, and
19.7% were 18 years old. This study explored the relation-
ship between dimensions of adolescent attachment to pa-
rents and emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
The ndings highlight the signicance of trust and com-
munication with both the mother and father in promoting
positive mental health outcomes among adolescents. Spe-
cically, trust in the mother was found to have a substantial
impact on mental health, increasing it by 20.3%. Similarly,
communication with both the mother and father positively
inuenced mental health, with an 8.4% increase attributed
to communication with the mother and a notable 26.1% in-
crease associated with communication with the father.
KeywoRds
Adolescent attachment, parental trust, mental
health, emotional well-being, psychological well-
being, social well-being.
Correspondencia: Eglantina Dervishi. Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tirana, Tirana,
Albania. E-mail: egladervishi@gmail.com
Recibido: 17/12/2023; aceptado: 23/12/2023
162 EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND COMMUNICATION ...
Análisis y Modicación de Conducta, 2023, vol. 49, nº 181
http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/amc.v49i181.8110
İntroduction
Adolescence s a crtcal perod of develop-
ment characterzed by sgnfcant physcal, cog-
ntve, and soco-emotonal changes (Arnett,
2000; Ba et al., 2022). Durng ths tme, the atta-
chment relatonshp between adolescents and
ther parents plays a crucal role n shapng ther
emotonal, psychologcal, and socal well-beng
(Allen, Hauser, & Borman-Spurrell, 1996). Atta-
chment theory posts that the qualty of attach-
ment formed n chldhood nuences an nd-
vdual’s nternal workng models and nterper-
sonal relatonshps throughout ther lfespan
(Bowlby, 1982). Understandng the assocatons
between adolescent attachment to parents and
varous aspects of well-beng s therefore essen-
tal for promotng postve mental health outco-
mes durng ths formatve perod. Prevous rese-
arch has hghlghted the mportance of parental
attachment n adolescence and ts mpact on
emotonal, psychologcal, and socal well-beng.
Attachment to parents provdes a secure base
from whch adolescents can explore the world,
regulate ther emotons, and develop healthy
relatonshps wth others (Barrow, & Thomas,
2022; Buka et al., 2022). Secure attachment has
been assocated wth hgher levels of emoto-
nal well-beng, greater reslence to stress, and
mproved socal competence (Kaasbøll et al.,
2021; Morgan et al., 2020; Méndez-Méndez et
al., 2021). Conversely, nsecure attachment has
been lnked to varous negatve outcomes, nc-
ludng ncreased anxety, depresson, and be-
havoral problems (Mkulncer, & Shaver, 2012;
Gbson et al., 2018; Furlong et al., 2021).
Whle the exstng lterature has examned
the broad assocatons between attachment
and well-beng, there s a need for more nu-
anced nvestgatons that explore specfc d-
mensons of attachment and ther derental
mpact on emotonal, psychologcal, and soc-
al well-beng (Toumbeleks, Lddell, & Bryant,
2021; Barrett et al., 2024; Ye et al., 2023). Ths
study ams to address ths gap by examnng
the assocaton between dmensons of adoles-
cent attachment to parents and ther well-be-
ng, encompassng emotonal, psychologcal,
and socal domans.
The mpact of parental attachment and
communcaton on adolescent mental health
has been wdely explored n the lterature, and
recent studes have provded valuable nsghts
nto ths mportant topc.
One sgnfcant fndng hghlghted n the
lterature s the postve relatonshp between
parental trust and adolescent mental health.
Studes have consstently demonstrated that
hgher levels of trust n parents are assocated
wth better mental health outcomes among
adolescents (Morgan et al., 2020; Coulombe,
& Yates, 2022). Steventon Roberts et al. (2022)
further support ths assocaton, reportng a
sgnfcant postve relatonshp between trust
n the mother and mental health n ther study.
Ths fndng emphaszes the mportance of
establshng and mantanng trustng bonds
between parents and adolescents for promo-
tng postve mental health.
Moreover, eectve communcaton betwe-
en parents and adolescents has been dentfed
as a crucal factor n shapng adolescent men-
tal health. The lterature consstently ndcates
that open dalogues and supportve commu-
ncaton between parents and adolescents are
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Análisis y Modicación de Conducta, 2023, vol. 49, nº 181
assocated wth better emotonal well-beng,
psychologcal well-beng, and socal well-be-
ng (Zapf et al., 2023; Ross et al., 2023). In lne
wth ths, Sagone et al., (2023) found sgnfcant
postve relatonshps between communcat-
on wth both the mother and father and men-
tal health n ther study. Ths fndng undersco-
res the mportance of fosterng open and ef-
fectve communcaton wthn the parent-chld
relatonshp to support postve mental health
outcomes among adolescents.
The fndngs from the lterature revew h-
ghlght the nterconnected nature of parental
attachment, communcaton, and adolescent
mental health ( Morgan et al., 2020; Kaasbøll et
al 2021; Yang et al., 2022). Trustng bonds and
open dalogues between parents and adoles-
cents play a crtcal role n promotng postve
mental health outcomes. Adolescents who
experence hgher levels of trust and eectve
communcaton wth ther parents are more
lkely to exhbt better emotonal well-beng,
psychologcal well-beng, and socal well-be-
ng (Sagone et al., 2023; Barrett et al., 2024;
Coulombe, & Yates, 2022).
The mplcatons of these fndngs are sgnf-
cant for both research and practce. From a rese-
arch perspectve, the lterature revew empha-
szes the need for further nvestgaton nto the
underlyng mechansms and processes nvolved
n the mpact of parental attachment and com-
muncaton on adolescent mental health (Sch-
neder et al., 2022; Barlow et al., 2015; Furlong
et al., 2021; Smhan et al., 2021; Izett et al., 2021).
Longtudnal studes could provde nsghts nto
the temporal dynamcs and developmental as-
pects of these relatonshps. Addtonally, future
research should explore potental moderatng
factors, such as cultural nuences or the qualty
of the parent-chld relatonshp, to gan a more
comprehensve understandng of the complex
nterplay between these varables.
From a practcal standpont, the fndngs
underscore the mportance of promotng se-
cure attachment bonds and eectve commu-
ncaton wthn the parent-chld relatonshp.
Parents, educators, and mental health pro-
fessonals should be aware of the sgnfcant
role they play n fosterng trust and open d-
alogues wth adolescents (Donenberg et al.,
2020; Ssewamala at al., 2018; Buka et al., 2022).
Interventons and programs amed at enhan-
cng parental attachment and communcaton
sklls could contrbute to mprovng adoles-
cent mental health outcomes (Townsend et al.,
2021; Gbson et al., 2018; Wolf & Schmtz, 2023).
These nterventons may nclude parent-chld
communcaton workshops, parentng edu-
caton programs, and famly therapy sessons
(Sood et al., 2021; Agurre Velascoet al., 2020).
The current study ams to nvestgate the
assocaton between adolescent attachment
to parents and emotonal, psychologcal, and
socal well-beng. Specfcally, t seeks to exa-
mne the unque contrbutons of derent
dmensons of attachment, such as trust and
communcaton, to well-beng outcomes. By
explorng these assocatons, valuable nsgh-
ts can be ganed nto the specfc mechansms
through whch attachment nuences de-
rent aspects of adolescent well-beng (Parke, &
Cookston, 2019; Purgato et al., 2023).
The fndngs from ths study wll contrbute
to the growng body of lterature on the mpa-
164 EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND COMMUNICATION ...
Análisis y Modicación de Conducta, 2023, vol. 49, nº 181
http://dx.doi.org/10.33776/amc.v49i181.8110
ct of parental attachment and communcaton
on adolescent mental health. The results may
have mplcatons for nterventons and prog-
rams amed at promotng postve attachment
relatonshps and eectve communcaton
between parents and adolescents. Ultmately,
a better understandng of the role of parental
attachment and communcaton n shapng
adolescent well-beng can nform strateges to
support mental health promoton durng ths
crucal developmental stage.
Method
Study Design
Ths study utlzed a cross-sectonal desgn
to nvestgate the mpact of parental attach-
ment on adolescent mental health. A cross-se-
ctonal desgn allows for the examnaton of
varables at a specfc pont n tme, provdng a
snapshot of the relatonshp between parental
attachment and mental health.
Participants and Randomization
The study ncluded a total of 492 partc-
pants, aged between 16 and 17 years (M=16.62,
sd=.929). The partcpants were randomly sele-
cted from a populaton of adolescents wthn
the specfed age range. Randomzaton ensu-
res that each partcpant has an equal chance
of beng ncluded n the study, mnmzng se-
lecton bas and ncreasng the generalzablty
of the fndngs.
Data Collection Procedure
Data were collected usng two self-report
measures: the Inventory of Parental Attach-
ment (IPPA) and the Mental Health Contnuous
Short Form (MHC-SF) questonnare.
The IPPA, developed by Armsden and Green-
berg (1987), was administered to assess adoles-
cent attachment to their parents. The question-
naire consists of items that measure various di-
mensions of attachment, including trust, com-
munication, and alienation.. The IPPA is a widely
used self-report measure that assesses atta-
chment to both mother and father separately,
allowing for a comprehensive exploration of the
parent-child relationship. The measure includes
50 statements that capture various dimensions
of attachment, such as trust, communication,
and alienation. Participants were asked to res-
pond to each item based on their perception of
their relationship with their parents
In terms of well-being assessment, the Men-
tal Health Continuous Short Form (MHC-SF)
developed by Corey and Keys (2008) is utilized.
The MHC-SF is a reliable and valid self-report
measure that assesses overall well-being in
adolescents, encompassing emotional, psycho-
logical, and social dimensions. The 14-item
scale provides a comprehensive evaluation of
an individual’s mental health status. This ques-
tionnaire covers multiple dimensions of mental
health, including emotional, psychological, and
social well-being. Participants rated their expe-
riences and feelings based on a Likert scale, in-
dicating the frequency or intensity of each item.
By employng these self-report measures,
the study amed to gather subjectve nforma-
ton drectly from the partcpants themselves.
The use of standardzed questonnares ensu-
res consstency and allows for relable compa-
rsons across partcpants.
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Análisis y Modicación de Conducta, 2023, vol. 49, nº 181
Data Analysis
Descrptve statstcs, such as means and
standard devatons, were calculated to sum-
marze the demographc characterstcs of the
partcpants. Correlaton analyses were perfor-
med to examne the assocatons between d-
mensons of parental attachment and adoles-
cent mental health.
Ethical Considerations
Ethcal gudelnes were followed throughout
the study to ensure the protecton of partc-
pants’ rghts and well-beng. Informed consent
was obtaned from both the partcpants and
ther parents or legal guardans. Confdentalty
and anonymty were mantaned durng data
collecton and analyss, and the study protocol
was revewed and approved by the relevant et-
hcal revew board or commttee.
Results
The analyss reveals that the age dstrbut-
on of the sample s characterzed by a narrow
range, wth a predomnant concentraton of
ndvduals between the ages of 15 and 18. The
mean age of 16.62 s a central tendency nd-
cator, representng the typcal age value. Furt-
hermore, the low standard devaton of 0.929
suggests that the ages are tghtly clustered
around the mean, ndcatng lmted varablty
n age values.
The fndngs demonstrate varyng levels
of mental health across derent dmensons,
wth emotonal and socal well-beng dmens-
ons exhbtng slghtly hgher varablty com-
pared to psychologcal well-beng dmensons.
For three dmensons of the mother-chld rela-
tonshp: trust n the mother, communcaton
wth the mother, and alenaton from the mot-
her the analyss ndcates that the sample con-
ssts of 489 partcpants. The scores for trust n
the mother range from 1 to 5, reectng var-
yng levels of trust wthn the mother-chld re-
latonshp. The mean score of 3.98 represents
the average level of trust n mothers wthn
the sample. The standard devaton of 0.53
suggests a relatvely low degree of varablty
around the mean, ndcatng a clusterng of
trust scores.
Smlarly, the scores for communcaton
wth the mother range from 1 to 5. The mean
score of 3.48 represents the average level of
communcaton wthn the mother-chld rela-
tonshp n the sample. The standard devaton
of 0.58 suggests a moderate amount of vara-
blty around the mean, ndcatng some dver-
sty n the communcaton scores.
Regardng the dmenson of alenaton
from the mother, the scores range from 1 to 5.
The mean score of 4.10 represents the avera-
ge level of alenaton wthn the mother-chld
relatonshp n the sample. The standard dev-
aton of 0.55 ndcates a moderate amount of
varablty around the mean, suggestng some
dversty n the alenaton scores.
The mean scores represent the average le-
vels of trust, communcaton, and alenaton,
whle the standard devatons ndcate the ds-
person of scores around the mean. The results
reveal varyng levels of trust, communcaton,
and alenaton wthn the mother-chld relat-
onshp, wth relatvely low varablty n trust
and hgher varablty n communcaton and
alenaton.
166 EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AND COMMUNICATION ...
Análisis y Modicación de Conducta, 2023, vol. 49, nº 181
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The scores for trust n fathers range from 1
to 5, sgnfyng varyng levels of trust wthn
the father-chld relatonshp. The mean score
of 3.79 represents the average level of trust n
fathers wthn the sample. The standard dev-
aton of 0.70 suggests a moderate amount of
varablty around the mean, ndcatng some
dversty n the trust scores.
Smlarly, the scores for communcaton
wth father range from 1 to 5. The mean score
of 3.45 represents the average level of commu-
ncaton wthn the father-chld relatonshp
n the sample. The standard devaton of 0.76
suggests a moderate amount of varablty
around the mean, ndcatng some dversty n
the communcaton scores.
Regardng the dmenson of alenaton
from the father, the scores range from 1 to 5.
The mean score of 3.86 represents the avera-
ge level of alenaton wthn the father-chld
relatonshp n the sample. The standard dev-
aton of 0.70 ndcates a moderate amount of
varablty around the mean, suggestng some
dversty n the alenaton scores.
The mean scores represent the average le-
vels of trust, communcaton, and alenaton,
whle the standard devatons ndcate the ds-
person of scores around the mean. The results
demonstrate varyng levels of trust, commun-
caton, and alenaton wthn the father-chld
relatonshp, wth moderate varablty obser-
ved n the scores for each dmenson.
Table 1 presents the results of Pearson cor-
relaton analyses examnng the assocatons
between dmensons of mental health (emot-
onal well-beng, psychologcal well-beng, and
socal well-beng) and three aspects of the mo-
ther-chld relatonshp (trust, communcaton,
and alenaton).
Table 1
Pearson correlation between well-being and maternal attachment
Mental health Trust
with mother
Communication
with mother
Alienation
with mothe
Total Mental health Pearson Correlation .476** .348** -.435**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 489 489 489
Emotonal
well-beng
Pearson Correlation .409** .281** -.367**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 489 489 489
Psychologcal
well-beng
Pearson Correlation .456** .321** -.433**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 489 489 489
Socal
well-beng
Pearson Correlation .421** .332** -.370**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 489 489 489
**. Correlation is signicant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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The fndngs reveal sgnfcant correlatons
between the mother-chld relatonshp varab-
les and derent dmensons of mental health.
Specfcally, trust wth the mother demons-
trates postve assocatons wth emotonal
well-beng, psychologcal well-beng, and so-
cal well-beng. Stronger communcaton wth
the mother s also postvely correlated wth
each dmenson of mental health. Conversely,
hgher levels of alenaton from the mother
show negatve assocatons wth emotonal
well-beng, psychologcal well-beng, and so-
cal well-beng.
These results underscore the mportance
of a postve and nurturng mother-chld rela-
tonshp n promotng overall well-beng and
mental health. They ndcate that hgher levels
of trust and communcaton wth the mother
are consstently lnked to better outcomes
across multple dmensons of mental health.
Conversely, ncreased levels of alenaton from
the mother are assocated wth poorer mental
health n varous aspects.
In summary, ths analyss provdes robust
evdence of the sgnfcant correlatons betwe-
en dmensons of the mother-chld relatons-
hp and derent aspects of well-beng. These
fndngs contrbute to our understandng of
the crtcal role that trust, communcaton, and
alenaton play n shapng an ndvdual’s ove-
rall well-beng and mental health. They hghl-
ght the mportance of fosterng postve mo-
ther-chld relatonshps to promote optmal
mental health and well-beng outcomes.
Based on the results (See Table 2) of Pearson
correlation analyses between mental health,
emotional well-being, psychological well-
being, and social well-being with three aspects
of the father-child relationship: trust, commu-
nication, and alienation.
Table 2
Pearson correlation between well-being and attachment to father
Mental health Trust
with father
Communication
with father
Alienation
with father
Total Mental health Pearson Correlation .502** .494** -.502**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 483 483 483
Emotonal
well-beng
Pearson Correlation .453** .448** -.464**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 483 483 483
Psychologcal
well-beng
Pearson Correlation .481** .461** -.482**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 483 483 483
Pearson Correlation .433** .437** -.425**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 483 483 483
**. Correlation is signicant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
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The analysis reveals signicant positive co-
rrelations between trust and communication
with the father and total mental health. Higher
levels of trust and communication with the
father are associated with better overall men-
tal health. Conversely, higher levels of aliena-
tion from the father are negatively correlated
with total mental health.
The analysis demonstrates signicant po-
sitive correlations between trust and commu-
nication with the father and emotional well-
being. Higher levels of trust and communica-
tion with the father are associated with higher
emotional well-being. Conversely, higher le-
vels of alienation from the father are negati-
vely correlated with emotional well-being.
Signicant positive correlations between
trust and communication with the father and
psychological well-being were found. Higher
levels of trust and communication with the
father are associated with higher psycholo-
gical well-being. Conversely, higher levels of
alienation from the father are negatively corre-
lated with psychological well-being.
The analysis demonstrates signicant po-
sitive correlations between trust and commu-
nication with the father and social well-being.
Higher levels of trust and communication with
the father are associated with higher social
well-being. Conversely, higher levels of aliena-
tion from the father are negatively correlated
with social well-being.
The results highlight signicant positive co-
rrelations between dimensions of well-being
(mental health, emotional well-being, psycho-
logical well-being, and social well-being) and
aspects of the father-child relationship (trust
and communication). A positive and supporti-
ve relationship with the father is consistently
associated with better overall well-being
outcomes. Conversely, higher levels of aliena-
tion from the father are linked to poorer well-
being. These ndings emphasize the impor-
tance of a positive and nurturing father-child
relationship for promoting well-being in die-
rent dimensions.
The present study employed Pearson corre-
lation analysis to investigate the potential as-
sociations between mental well-being, attach-
ment to the mother, attachment to the father,
and the age of adolescents. The obtained re-
sults demonstrate that no statistically signi-
cant relationship exists among these variables.
In summary, the statistical analyses utilizing
Pearson correlation indicate a lack of signi-
cant associations between mental well-being,
attachment to the mother, attachment to the
father, and the age of adolescents, as eviden-
ced by the provided data. These ndings su-
ggest that factors other than age, such as indi-
vidual dierences or environmental inuences,
may exert a more inuential role in shaping
mental well-being and attachment to parents.
Discussion
Based on the statistical analyses presented
in this study, the ndings provide valuable
insights into various dimensions of mental
health and the parent-child relationship. The
results indicate that the age distribution within
the sample is relatively narrow, with the majo-
rity of individuals falling between the ages of
15 and 18.
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In terms of mental health, the analysis re-
veals varying levels of emotional well-being,
psychological well-being, and social well-
being within the sample. The mean scores for
each dimension indicate an overall positive
average level of well-being. However, the stan-
dard deviations reect dierent degrees of va-
riability in the scores. For instance, emotional
well-being and social well-being dimensions
exhibit slightly higher variability compared to
psychological well-being. These ndings pro-
vide further insights into the multidimensional
nature of mental health among adolescents
and contribute to the existing literature on
adolescent well-being.
In terms of the parent-child relationship,
the analysis examines dimensions related to
both the mother-child and father-child rela-
tionships, including trust, communication, and
alienation. The ndings demonstrate varying
levels of trust, communication, and alienation
within these relationships. The mean scores
provide an indication of the average levels of
these dimensions, while the standard devia-
tions suggest the dispersion around the means.
These results contribute to the growing body
of literature on the importance of parent-child
relationships in adolescent well-being.
The positive correlations between trust,
communication, and mental health observed
in this study are consistent with previous re-
search (Furlong et al., 2021; Brown, & Thomas,
2022; Toumbeleks et al., 2021; Kapetanovc &
Skoog, 2021) that highlight the signicance of
positive parent-child relationships for promo-
ting well-being outcomes among adolescents.
While the results of this study contribute
to the understanding of mental health and
parent-child relationships, it is essential to ack-
nowledge certain limitations. The sample used
in this study may not be representative of the
broader population, which limits the genera-
lizability of the ndings. Additionally, the re-
liance on self-report measures introduces the
possibility of response biases. Future research
could address these limitations by employing
larger and more diverse samples, utilizing mul-
ti-method approaches, and considering longi-
tudinal designs to examine the dynamic natu-
re of well-being and parent-child relationships.
The ndings from this study shed light on
the age distribution, well-being dimensions,
and parent-child relationships among adoles-
cents. The results highlight the multidimensio-
nal nature of well-being and emphasize the im-
portance of positive parent-child relationships
in promoting adolescent well-being. By compa-
ring these ndings with existing literature, we
can identify consistent patterns and contribute
to the cumulative knowledge in the eld of ado-
lescent well-being and parent-child relations-
hips (Perpétuo et al., 2023; Bamford et al., 2023;
Crompton et al., 2023; Tadesse et al., 2012).
The signicant correlations observed bet-
ween trust, communication, and alienation
with the mother and various dimensions of
well-being align with previous research on
parent-child relationships. For instance, the
positive association between trust in the
mother and mental health well-being is con-
sistent with studies that have emphasized the
importance of secure attachment in promo-
ting positive mental health outcomes among
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adolescents (Schneder et al., 2022; Macdonald
et al., 2021; Islam et al., 2023). Similarly, the
positive correlations between trust, commu-
nication, and emotional well-being are in line
with previous research highlighting the role of
supportive parent-child relationships in foste-
ring emotional well-being (Furlong et al., 2021;
Dxon et al., 2023; Smhan et al., 2021).
Furthermore, the positive associations bet-
ween trust, communication, and psychological
well-being are consistent with existing litera-
ture that emphasizes the signicance of secu-
re attachment and eective communication
in promoting psychological well-being (Yang
et al., 2022; Champon et al., 2023; Furlong
et al., 2021; Schneder et al., 2022). Similarly,
the negative correlations between alienation
from the mother and various dimensions of
well-being align with previous studies that
have demonstrated the detrimental eects of
maternal alienation on adolescent well-being
(Townsend et al., 2021; Crompton et al., 2020;
Ross et al., 2023; Lünnemann et al., 2023).
While these ndings are consistent with
prior research, it is important to acknowledge
that each study has its unique sample charac-
teristics and measurement approaches. Factors
such as cultural context, sample demographics,
and measurement tools can contribute to varia-
tions in the ndings across studies. Additionally,
the directionality of the observed associations
cannot be inferred from correlational analyses
alone, and further longitudinal research is nee-
ded to establish causal relationships.
The ndings from this study support and
extend existing research on the associations
between dimensions of the mother-child re-
lationship and adolescent well-being. The sig-
nicant correlations between trust, commu-
nication, and alienation with the mother and
various dimensions of well-being highlight
the importance of a positive and nurturing
mother-child relationship in promoting ove-
rall well-being. By comparing these ndings
with other studies, we can identify consistent
patterns and contribute to the cumulative
knowledge in the eld of adolescent well-
being and parent-child relationships. Futu-
re research could explore additional factors
that may inuence these relationships, such
as cultural inuences or specic mechanisms
underlying the associations observed.
The signicant positive correlations ob-
served between trust, communication, and
dimensions of well-being, such as mental
health, emotional well-being, psychological
well-being, and social well-being, align with
prior research on the importance of a positive
father-child relationship. For instance, previous
studies have highlighted the positive inuen-
ce of trust and eective communication with
the father on various dimensions of well-being
among adolescents (Morgan et al., 2019; Sood,
et al., 2021; Perpétuo et al., 2023). These n-
dings suggest that a supportive and nurturing
father-child relationship plays a crucial role in
promoting overall well-being.
Furthermore, the signicant negative corre-
lations between alienation from the father and
dimensions of well-being emphasize the detri-
mental eects of a strained or distant father-
child relationship. Previous research has con-
sistently shown that higher levels of alienation
from the father are associated with poorer men-
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tal health, emotional well-being, psychological
well-being, and social well-being outcomes
among adolescents (Morgan et al., 2019; Sood
et al., 2021; Beltrán-Morllas et al., 2023).
While these ndings are consistent with
prior research, it is important to acknowledge
that each study has its unique sample charac-
teristics and measurement approaches. Factors
such as cultural context, sample demographics,
and measurement tools can contribute to varia-
tions in the ndings across studies. Additionally,
the directionality of the observed associations
cannot be inferred from correlational analyses
alone, and further longitudinal research is nee-
ded to establish causal relationships.
The ndings from this study support and
extend existing research on the associations
between dimensions of the father-child rela-
tionship and adolescent well-being. The sig-
nicant positive correlations between trust,
communication, and well-being dimensions
highlight the importance of a positive and nur-
turing father-child relationship in promoting
overall well-being. Conversely, higher levels of
alienation from the father are linked to poorer
well-being outcomes. These ndings unders-
core the signicance of the father’s role in the
well-being of adolescents and emphasize the
need for interventions and support systems
that foster positive father-child relationships.
However, it is important to note that other
studies have reported conicting ndings. For
example, Ross and collegues (2023) found a
signicant relationship between age and men-
tal well-being in adolescents, suggesting that
older adolescents tended to have higher levels
of mental well-being compared to younger
adolescents. Additionally, Agurre Velasco and
colleagues (2020) reported that attachment to
parents played a moderating role in this rela-
tionship, indicating that secure attachment
to parents was associated with higher mental
well-being across dierent age groups.
These contrasting results may be attributed
to several factors, including dierences in sam-
ple characteristics, measurement tools used,
and cultural or contextual inuences. It is also
possible that the relationship between age,
mental well-being, and attachment to parents
is complex and inuenced by various indivi-
dual and environmental factors that were not
fully captured in the present study.
In conclusion, the present study did not
nd a signicant relationship between mental
well-being, attachment to the mother, attach-
ment to the father, and the age of adolescents.
These ndings align with previous research by
Raposo and Francsco, (2022). However, it is im-
portant to consider the limitations of the study
and the potential inuence of other factors on
the relationship between age, mental well-
being, and attachment to parents. Further re-
search is needed to explore these associations
in more depth and to consider a broader range
of factors that may inuence adolescent well-
being and parent-child attachment.
Study Limitations
This study encountered certain limitations
that should be acknowledged. Firstly, the
sample size utilized was relatively small, thus
potentially constraining the extent to which
the ndings can be generalized to a larger
population of adolescents. Additionally, the
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study employed a cross-sectional design,
which inherently restricts the ability to esta-
blish causal relationships between variables.
The utilization of longitudinal or experimental
designs would oer more robust evidence in
this regard. Furthermore, the reliance on self-
report measures for data collection introduces
potential response biases and inaccuracies in
participants’ reporting of their mental well-
being and attachment relationships. Finally, it
is important to note that the study sample may
have lacked diversity in terms of cultural back-
grounds, thereby limiting the generalizability
of the ndings to other cultural contexts.
Implications of Findings
The absence of a signicant association bet-
ween age and mental well-being among ado-
lescents implies that age alone does not ade-
quately account for variations in mental well-
being. It suggests that additional factors, such
as individual dierences, should be taken into
consideration when assessing and addressing
mental well-being in this population. Therefo-
re, a more nuanced approach that considers
the unique characteristics of each adolescent
is warranted.
The signicant relationships observed
between attachment to parents and mental
well-being underscore the critical role of the
parent-child relationship in fostering positive
mental well-being in adolescents. These n-
dings suggest that interventions aimed at en-
hancing secure attachment may be eective
in promoting mental well-being among ado-
lescents. Investing in interventions that stren-
gthen the bond between parents and their
children could contribute to positive mental
health outcomes in this population.
Furthermore, the ndings highlighting
the various dimensions of well-being unders-
core the importance of adopting a compre-
hensive approach when assessing adolescent
well-being. It is essential to consider emotio-
nal, psychological, and social aspects of well-
being to gain a holistic understanding of an
adolescent’s mental health. A multidimensional
assessment can provide valuable insights into
the diverse facets of an adolescent’s well-being,
enabling targeted interventions that address
their specic needs across dierent domains.
In conclusion, the implications of the n-
dings suggest that age should not be solely re-
lied upon when evaluating mental well-being in
adolescents. Instead, a comprehensive unders-
tanding of individual dierences is crucial. The
signicant association between attachment to
parents and mental well-being highlights the
signicance of the parent-child relationship in
promoting positive mental health outcomes.
Lastly, the multidimensional nature of well-
being underscores the importance of compre-
hensive assessments that encompass emotio-
nal, psychological, and social dimensions. By
considering these implications, researchers and
practitioners can develop tailored interventions
and assessment strategies that eectively sup-
port the mental well-being of adolescents.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the statistical analyses pre-
sented in this article oer valuable empiri-
cal insights into diverse dimensions of well-
being and the parent-child relationship. The
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ndings demonstrate robust and statistically
signicant correlations between the quality of
attachment to both mothers and fathers and
various facets of well-being. Specically, trust
and communication with parents consistently
exhibit positive associations with enhanced
well-being outcomes, while elevated levels of
alienation are signicantly linked to compro-
mised well-being. However, it is noteworthy
that no statistically signicant relationship was
observed between age and either mental well-
being or attachment to parents.
These ndings hold signicant implica-
tions for the comprehensive understanding
of the multifactorial determinants of adoles-
cent well-being. The observed positive asso-
ciations between trust, communication, and
well-being underscore the pivotal role played
by supportive and nurturing parent-child rela-
tionships. These ndings underscore the impe-
rative for parents to actively cultivate trust and
establish open lines of communication with
their children to foster their holistic well-being.
In contrast, the absence of signicant relation-
ships between age and well-being or attach-
ment suggests that other variables, such as
individual dierences and contextual inuen-
ces, may exert more substantial inuences on
shaping adolescent well-being.
Overall, the ndings presented herein con-
tribute to the expanding body of scientic lite-
rature focused on illuminating the paramount
importance of parent-child relationships in
adolescent well-being. They accentuate the
pivotal signicance of trust, communication,
and a positive parent-child bond in promo-
ting diverse dimensions of well-being. Moreo-
ver, further scholarly inquiry in this domain
holds promise in informing the development
of targeted interventions and evidence-based
programs aimed at fortifying parent-child re-
lationships and fostering positive outcomes
for the mental health and overall well-being of
adolescents.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, origination of the initial
manuscript, methodological design, software
implementation, formal analytical procedu-
res, and revision processes were exclusively
undertaken by the primary author, ED. The
collection of empirical data was conducted by
FI. ACB actively participated in the conceptual
renement, methodological structuring, and
revision stages of the study. The nal version
intended for publication underwent thorough
scrutiny and unanimous approval by all contri-
buting authors.
Acknowledgments
Gratitude is extended to all adolescent par-
ticipants who generously contributed to this
investigative endeavor, sharing their perspec-
tives. The authors express their appreciation to
the anonymous reviewers for providing inva-
luable insights during the peer-review process.
Declaration of Conicting Interests
The authors explicitly state the absence of
potential conicts of interest concerning the
research, authorship, and publication of this
paper. This declaration emphasizes the com-
mitment to maintaining objectivity and inte-
grity throughout the study.
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Funding
The authors arm that the entirety of the
research process, from its inception to comple-
tion, was conducted without external nancial
support that could be construed as a potential
source of conict of interest. This declaration
underscores the impartiality and autonomy
with which the research was undertaken.
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