Las teorías de la conspiración y las grandes farmacéuticas: una revisión sistemática sobre el caso Pfizer y el llamado Pfizergate
Palabras clave:
Teorías de la conspiración, Pfizer, Pfizergate, Big Pharma
Resumen
Acontecimientos recientes como la pandemia de COVID-19 han supuesto una oportunidad para el florecimiento de numerosas teorías de la conspiración, entre ellas las que afectan a la gran industria farmacéutica (o Big Pharma) o a empresas concretas como el laboratorio Pfizer. Esta revisión sistemática ha analizado los documentos encontrados en las bases de datos Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus sobre estas teorías. Los 22 documentos hallados están comprendidos en el periodo 2015-2023. Se han investigado diversas variables como el reparto de la producción de trabajos por países y universidades, las afilicaciones de los investigadores, el tipo de revista que publica estos trabajos y las áreas de investigación donde se inscriben, las metodologías usadas y las teorías asociadas a las búsquedas realizadas.
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Ali, Inayat (2020). Impacts of rumors and conspiracy theories surrounding COVID-19 on preparedness programs. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 16, 310-315. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.325.
Al-Ramahi, Mohammad; Elnoshokaty, Ahmed; El-Gayar, Omar; Nasralah, Tareq; y Wahbeh, Abdullah (2021). Public Discourse Against Masks in the COVID-19 Era: Infodemiology Study of Twitter Data. Jmir Public Health and Surveillance, 7(4), e26780, https://doi.org/10.2196/26780.
Blaskiewicz, Robert (2013). The Big Pharma conspiracy theory. Medical Writing, 22(4), 259-261. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480613Z.000000000142.
Brugger, Niels (2022). Tracing a historical development of conspiracy theory networks on the web: The hyperlink network of vaccine hesitancy on the Danish web 2006-2015. Convergence-the International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 28(4), 962-982, https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221104989.
Cassam, Quassim (2023). Conspiracy Theories. Society, 60(2), 190, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-023-00816-1.
Choi, Yeon-Jun; Lee, Julak; y Paek, Seung Yeop (2022). Public Awareness and Sentiment toward COVID-19 Vaccination in South Korea: Findings from Big Data Analytics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 9914, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169914.
Clarke, Richard Alan (2024). Hostile State Disinformation in the Internet Age. Daedalus, 153(3), 45-64, https://https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_02088.
Ernst, Edzard; y Fasce, Angelo (2018). Dismantling the Rhetoric of Alternative Medicine Smokescreens, Errors, Conspiracies, and Follieses. Metode Science Studies Journal, 8, 149-155, https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.8.10004.
Capurro, Gabriela; Greeberg, Josh; Dubé, Eve; y Driedger, Michelle (2018) Measles, Moral, Regulations and the Social Construction of Risk: Media Narratives of «Anti . Vaxxers» and the 2015 Disneyland Outbreak. Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie, 43(1), https://doi.org/10.29173/cjs29301.
Erokhin, Dmitry; Yosipof, Abraham; y Komendantova, Nadejda (2022). COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Discussion on Twitter. Social Media + Society, 8(4), 20563051221126051, https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221126051.
European Commission (2020). Identifying conspiracy theories 10 infographics to counter conspiracy theories (Spanish). https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation/identifying-conspiracy-theories_es.
Faraz, Ali; Hina, Malik; Atif, Ali; Sumbul, Dr; Mahmood, Syed E; Riaz, Fatima; Khan, Mohammad Suhail; Ahmad, Ausaf; Ahmad, Mohammad Tauheed; Parvez, Ashib; y Zeyaullah, Md (2023). Knowledge, acceptance, motivators and barriers of booster dose of COVID-19 vaccination among dental patients: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (United States), 102(45), E35747, https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035747.
Garcia-Marin, David; y Salvat Martinrey, Guiomar (2021). Research on disinformation in Spain. Analysis of thematic trends through a systematic literature review. Fonseca-Journal of Communication, 23, 199-225, https://doi.org/10.14201/fjc202123199225.
Greve, Timo; y Roosen, Joris (2024). Conspiracy theories and misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic. New phenomenon or historical recurrence? Tijdschrift Voor Geschiedenis, 137(2), 170-182, https://doi.org/10.5117/TVG2024.2.006.GREV.
Grodzicka, Elżbieta Drażkiewicz (2021). Taking vaccine regret and hesitancy seriously. The role of truth, conspiracy theories, gender relations and trust in the HPV immunisation programmes in Ireland. Journal for Cultural Research, 25(1), 69-87, https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2021.1886422.
Hajissa, Khalid; y Mussa, Ali (2021). Positive aspects of the mRNA platform for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(8), 2445-2447. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1900713.
Hassan, Taimoor; y Saleha, Saleha (2021). Pakistan’s Perspective on Covid-19 Vaccines. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(3), 111-116, https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.03.1016.
Jamieson Kathleen Hall (2021). How conspiracists exploited COVID-19 science. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 1464-1465, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01217-2.
Kale, Sirin (2021, 11 de Noviembre). Chakras, crystals and conspiracy theories: how the wellness industry turned its back on Covid science. The Guardian.
Keshet, Yael; y Popper-Giveon, Ariela (2022). What is more dangerous–the disease, the vaccine or the government? Using governmentality theory to understand vaccine hesitancy among Israeli citizens in times of corona. Health, Risk and Society, 24(5-6), 208-224, https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2022.2104223.
Kherfan, Tleen y Sallam, Malik (2023). Prospective Attitudes towards Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccination: Validation of a Survey Instrument among Young Females in Jordan Pending Vaccine Authorization. Vaccines, 11(8), https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081386.
Kufel-Grabowska, Joanna; Bartoszkiewicz, Mikolaj; Ramlau, Rodryg; y Litwiniuk, Maria (2021). Cancer patients and internal medicine patients attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination in Poland. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 30(8), 805-811, https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/138962.
Kumar, Navin; Corpus, Isabel; Hans, Meher; Harle, Nikhil; Yang, Nan; McDonald, Curtis; Sakai, Shinpei Nakamura; Janmohamed, Kamila; Chen, Keyu; Altice, Frederick L; Tang, Weiming; Schwartz, Jason L; Jones-Jang, S Mo; Saha, Koustuv; Memon, Shahan Ali; Bauch, Chris T; De Choudhury, Munmun; Papakyriakopoulos, Orestis; Tucker, Joseph D; Goyal, Abhay; Tyagi, Aman; Khoshnood, Kaved; y Omer, Saad (2022). COVID-19 vaccine perceptions in the initial phases of US vaccine roll-out: an observational study on reddit. Bmc Public Health, 22(1), 446, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12824-7.
Kutasi, Kristóf; Koltai, Júlia; Szabo-Morvai, Ágnes; Röst, Gergely; Karsai, Márton; Biro, Péter; y Lengyel, Balázs (2022). Understanding hesitancy with revealed preferences across COVID-19 vaccine types. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 13293, http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15633-5.
Ladini, Riccardo (2022). Religious and conspiracist? An analysis of the relationship between the dimensions of individual religiosity and belief in a Big Pharma conspiracy theory. Italian Political Science Review-Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica, 52(1), 33-50, https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2021.15.
Lobera Serrano, Josep; Hornsey, Matthew; y Díaz Catalán, Celia (2019). Los factores que influyen en la reticencia a la vacunación en España. En J. Lobera Serrano y C. Torres Albero (eds.), Percepción social de la Ciencia y la Tecnología 2018 (pp. 13-35). Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, FECYT.
Mattsson, Christer y Johansson, Thomas (2022). The neo-Nazi doxa, the deep state, and COVID-19: neo-Nazis’ ambivalent relations to Big Pharma and the anti-vaccine movement. Social Identities, 28(6), 716-729, https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2022.2138310.
Mijatovic, Nevena; Sljivic, Jasmina; Tosic, Nemanja; Conic, Ljubica; Petrovic, Marija; y Zezelj, Iris (2022). Big Suppla: Challenging the Common View of the Supplements and Herbs Industry Affects the Willingness to Try and Recommend Their Products. Studia Psychologica, 64(1), 91-103, https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2022.01.841.
Min, Seong Jae (2021). Who Believes in Conspiracy Theories? Network Diversity, Political Discussion, and Conservative Conspiracy Theories on Social Media. American Politics Research, 49(5), 415-427, https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X211013526.
Page, Matthew J; Mckenzie, Joanne E; Bossuyt, Patrick M; Boutron, Isabelle; Hoffmann, Tammy C; Mulrow, Cynthia D; Shamseer, Larissa; Tetzlaff, Jennifer M; Akl, Elie A; Brennan, Sue E; Chou, Roger; Glanville, Julie; Grimshaw, Jeremy M; Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Lalu, Manoj M; Li, Tianjing; Loder, Elizabeth W; Mayo-Wilson, Evan; Mcdonald, Steve; McGuinness, Luke A; Stewart, Lesley A; Thomas, James; Tricco, Andrea C; Welch, Vivian A; Whiting, Penny; y Moher, David (2025). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.
Rao, Hayagreeva; y Greve, Henrich R (2024). The Plot Thickens: A Sociology of Conspiracy Theories. Annual Review of Sociology, 50, 191-207, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030222-031142.
Sarelska, Darina; y Jenkins, Joy (2023). Truth on Demand: Influences on How Journalists in Italy, Spain, and Bulgaria Responded to Covid-19 Misinformation and Disinformation. Journalism Practice, 17(10), 2178-2196, https://.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2153075.
Senekal, Burgert (2023). Conspiracy theories and fake news in reader comments on news reports from Maroela Media during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe, 63(4), 921-945, https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2023/v63n4a9.
Shah, Uzair; Abd-alrazaq, Alaa; Schneider, Jens; Househ, Mowafa; y Shah, Zubair (2022). Twitters’ Concerns and Opinions About the COVID-19 Booster Shots: Infoveillance Study. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 26(4), 337-356, https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2022.2106404.
Singler, Beth (2015). Big Bad Pharma The Indigo Child Concept and Biomedical Conspiracy Theories. Nova Religio-Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 19(2), 17-29, https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2015.19.2.17.
Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (2021). How Europe Sealed a Pfizer Vaccine Deal With Texts and Calls. New York Times, 28, 2021.
Tejedor, Santiago; Romero-Rodriguez, Luis M. ; y Gracia-Villar, Mónica (2024). Unveiling the truth: A systematic review of fact-checking and fake news research in social sciences. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 14(2), e202427, https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/14455.
Thacker, Paul D. (2021). Covid-19: Researcher blows the whistle on data integrity issues in Pfizer’s vaccine trial. Bmj-British Medical Journal, 375, n2635, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2635.
Unesco (2020). #ThinkBeforeSharing - Stop the spread of conspiracy theories. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381958_spa.
Xia, Xuhua (2021). Domains and Functions of Spike Protein in SARS-Cov-2 in the Context of Vaccine Design. Viruses-Basel, 13(1), 109, https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010109.
Yair, Gad (2019). The Conspiracist Strategy: Lessons from American Alternative Health Promotions. European Journal of American Studies, 14(2), https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.14654.
Zorzi, Virginia (2022). Collective identities in the online self-representation of conspiracy theorists The cases of climate change denial, ‘Deep State’ and ‘Big Pharma’. En Massimiliano Demata, Virginia Zorzi y Angela Zottola (eds.), Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture (pp. 365-391). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.98.16zor.
Al-Ramahi, Mohammad; Elnoshokaty, Ahmed; El-Gayar, Omar; Nasralah, Tareq; y Wahbeh, Abdullah (2021). Public Discourse Against Masks in the COVID-19 Era: Infodemiology Study of Twitter Data. Jmir Public Health and Surveillance, 7(4), e26780, https://doi.org/10.2196/26780.
Blaskiewicz, Robert (2013). The Big Pharma conspiracy theory. Medical Writing, 22(4), 259-261. https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480613Z.000000000142.
Brugger, Niels (2022). Tracing a historical development of conspiracy theory networks on the web: The hyperlink network of vaccine hesitancy on the Danish web 2006-2015. Convergence-the International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 28(4), 962-982, https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565221104989.
Cassam, Quassim (2023). Conspiracy Theories. Society, 60(2), 190, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-023-00816-1.
Choi, Yeon-Jun; Lee, Julak; y Paek, Seung Yeop (2022). Public Awareness and Sentiment toward COVID-19 Vaccination in South Korea: Findings from Big Data Analytics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 9914, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169914.
Clarke, Richard Alan (2024). Hostile State Disinformation in the Internet Age. Daedalus, 153(3), 45-64, https://https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_02088.
Ernst, Edzard; y Fasce, Angelo (2018). Dismantling the Rhetoric of Alternative Medicine Smokescreens, Errors, Conspiracies, and Follieses. Metode Science Studies Journal, 8, 149-155, https://doi.org/10.7203/metode.8.10004.
Capurro, Gabriela; Greeberg, Josh; Dubé, Eve; y Driedger, Michelle (2018) Measles, Moral, Regulations and the Social Construction of Risk: Media Narratives of «Anti . Vaxxers» and the 2015 Disneyland Outbreak. Canadian Journal of Sociology/Cahiers Canadiens de Sociologie, 43(1), https://doi.org/10.29173/cjs29301.
Erokhin, Dmitry; Yosipof, Abraham; y Komendantova, Nadejda (2022). COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Discussion on Twitter. Social Media + Society, 8(4), 20563051221126051, https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221126051.
European Commission (2020). Identifying conspiracy theories 10 infographics to counter conspiracy theories (Spanish). https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/coronavirus-response/fighting-disinformation/identifying-conspiracy-theories_es.
Faraz, Ali; Hina, Malik; Atif, Ali; Sumbul, Dr; Mahmood, Syed E; Riaz, Fatima; Khan, Mohammad Suhail; Ahmad, Ausaf; Ahmad, Mohammad Tauheed; Parvez, Ashib; y Zeyaullah, Md (2023). Knowledge, acceptance, motivators and barriers of booster dose of COVID-19 vaccination among dental patients: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (United States), 102(45), E35747, https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035747.
Garcia-Marin, David; y Salvat Martinrey, Guiomar (2021). Research on disinformation in Spain. Analysis of thematic trends through a systematic literature review. Fonseca-Journal of Communication, 23, 199-225, https://doi.org/10.14201/fjc202123199225.
Greve, Timo; y Roosen, Joris (2024). Conspiracy theories and misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic. New phenomenon or historical recurrence? Tijdschrift Voor Geschiedenis, 137(2), 170-182, https://doi.org/10.5117/TVG2024.2.006.GREV.
Grodzicka, Elżbieta Drażkiewicz (2021). Taking vaccine regret and hesitancy seriously. The role of truth, conspiracy theories, gender relations and trust in the HPV immunisation programmes in Ireland. Journal for Cultural Research, 25(1), 69-87, https://doi.org/10.1080/14797585.2021.1886422.
Hajissa, Khalid; y Mussa, Ali (2021). Positive aspects of the mRNA platform for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 17(8), 2445-2447. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1900713.
Hassan, Taimoor; y Saleha, Saleha (2021). Pakistan’s Perspective on Covid-19 Vaccines. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(3), 111-116, https://doi.org/10.46903/gjms/19.03.1016.
Jamieson Kathleen Hall (2021). How conspiracists exploited COVID-19 science. Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 1464-1465, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01217-2.
Kale, Sirin (2021, 11 de Noviembre). Chakras, crystals and conspiracy theories: how the wellness industry turned its back on Covid science. The Guardian.
Keshet, Yael; y Popper-Giveon, Ariela (2022). What is more dangerous–the disease, the vaccine or the government? Using governmentality theory to understand vaccine hesitancy among Israeli citizens in times of corona. Health, Risk and Society, 24(5-6), 208-224, https://doi.org/10.1080/13698575.2022.2104223.
Kherfan, Tleen y Sallam, Malik (2023). Prospective Attitudes towards Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccination: Validation of a Survey Instrument among Young Females in Jordan Pending Vaccine Authorization. Vaccines, 11(8), https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081386.
Kufel-Grabowska, Joanna; Bartoszkiewicz, Mikolaj; Ramlau, Rodryg; y Litwiniuk, Maria (2021). Cancer patients and internal medicine patients attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination in Poland. Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 30(8), 805-811, https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/138962.
Kumar, Navin; Corpus, Isabel; Hans, Meher; Harle, Nikhil; Yang, Nan; McDonald, Curtis; Sakai, Shinpei Nakamura; Janmohamed, Kamila; Chen, Keyu; Altice, Frederick L; Tang, Weiming; Schwartz, Jason L; Jones-Jang, S Mo; Saha, Koustuv; Memon, Shahan Ali; Bauch, Chris T; De Choudhury, Munmun; Papakyriakopoulos, Orestis; Tucker, Joseph D; Goyal, Abhay; Tyagi, Aman; Khoshnood, Kaved; y Omer, Saad (2022). COVID-19 vaccine perceptions in the initial phases of US vaccine roll-out: an observational study on reddit. Bmc Public Health, 22(1), 446, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12824-7.
Kutasi, Kristóf; Koltai, Júlia; Szabo-Morvai, Ágnes; Röst, Gergely; Karsai, Márton; Biro, Péter; y Lengyel, Balázs (2022). Understanding hesitancy with revealed preferences across COVID-19 vaccine types. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 13293, http://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15633-5.
Ladini, Riccardo (2022). Religious and conspiracist? An analysis of the relationship between the dimensions of individual religiosity and belief in a Big Pharma conspiracy theory. Italian Political Science Review-Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica, 52(1), 33-50, https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2021.15.
Lobera Serrano, Josep; Hornsey, Matthew; y Díaz Catalán, Celia (2019). Los factores que influyen en la reticencia a la vacunación en España. En J. Lobera Serrano y C. Torres Albero (eds.), Percepción social de la Ciencia y la Tecnología 2018 (pp. 13-35). Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, FECYT.
Mattsson, Christer y Johansson, Thomas (2022). The neo-Nazi doxa, the deep state, and COVID-19: neo-Nazis’ ambivalent relations to Big Pharma and the anti-vaccine movement. Social Identities, 28(6), 716-729, https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2022.2138310.
Mijatovic, Nevena; Sljivic, Jasmina; Tosic, Nemanja; Conic, Ljubica; Petrovic, Marija; y Zezelj, Iris (2022). Big Suppla: Challenging the Common View of the Supplements and Herbs Industry Affects the Willingness to Try and Recommend Their Products. Studia Psychologica, 64(1), 91-103, https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2022.01.841.
Min, Seong Jae (2021). Who Believes in Conspiracy Theories? Network Diversity, Political Discussion, and Conservative Conspiracy Theories on Social Media. American Politics Research, 49(5), 415-427, https://doi.org/10.1177/1532673X211013526.
Page, Matthew J; Mckenzie, Joanne E; Bossuyt, Patrick M; Boutron, Isabelle; Hoffmann, Tammy C; Mulrow, Cynthia D; Shamseer, Larissa; Tetzlaff, Jennifer M; Akl, Elie A; Brennan, Sue E; Chou, Roger; Glanville, Julie; Grimshaw, Jeremy M; Hróbjartsson, Asbjørn; Lalu, Manoj M; Li, Tianjing; Loder, Elizabeth W; Mayo-Wilson, Evan; Mcdonald, Steve; McGuinness, Luke A; Stewart, Lesley A; Thomas, James; Tricco, Andrea C; Welch, Vivian A; Whiting, Penny; y Moher, David (2025). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.
Rao, Hayagreeva; y Greve, Henrich R (2024). The Plot Thickens: A Sociology of Conspiracy Theories. Annual Review of Sociology, 50, 191-207, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-030222-031142.
Sarelska, Darina; y Jenkins, Joy (2023). Truth on Demand: Influences on How Journalists in Italy, Spain, and Bulgaria Responded to Covid-19 Misinformation and Disinformation. Journalism Practice, 17(10), 2178-2196, https://.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2022.2153075.
Senekal, Burgert (2023). Conspiracy theories and fake news in reader comments on news reports from Maroela Media during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tydskrif Vir Geesteswetenskappe, 63(4), 921-945, https://doi.org/10.17159/2224-7912/2023/v63n4a9.
Shah, Uzair; Abd-alrazaq, Alaa; Schneider, Jens; Househ, Mowafa; y Shah, Zubair (2022). Twitters’ Concerns and Opinions About the COVID-19 Booster Shots: Infoveillance Study. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 26(4), 337-356, https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2022.2106404.
Singler, Beth (2015). Big Bad Pharma The Indigo Child Concept and Biomedical Conspiracy Theories. Nova Religio-Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions, 19(2), 17-29, https://doi.org/10.1525/nr.2015.19.2.17.
Stevis-Gridneff, Matina (2021). How Europe Sealed a Pfizer Vaccine Deal With Texts and Calls. New York Times, 28, 2021.
Tejedor, Santiago; Romero-Rodriguez, Luis M. ; y Gracia-Villar, Mónica (2024). Unveiling the truth: A systematic review of fact-checking and fake news research in social sciences. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 14(2), e202427, https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/14455.
Thacker, Paul D. (2021). Covid-19: Researcher blows the whistle on data integrity issues in Pfizer’s vaccine trial. Bmj-British Medical Journal, 375, n2635, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2635.
Unesco (2020). #ThinkBeforeSharing - Stop the spread of conspiracy theories. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000381958_spa.
Xia, Xuhua (2021). Domains and Functions of Spike Protein in SARS-Cov-2 in the Context of Vaccine Design. Viruses-Basel, 13(1), 109, https://doi.org/10.3390/v13010109.
Yair, Gad (2019). The Conspiracist Strategy: Lessons from American Alternative Health Promotions. European Journal of American Studies, 14(2), https://doi.org/10.4000/ejas.14654.
Zorzi, Virginia (2022). Collective identities in the online self-representation of conspiracy theorists The cases of climate change denial, ‘Deep State’ and ‘Big Pharma’. En Massimiliano Demata, Virginia Zorzi y Angela Zottola (eds.), Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture (pp. 365-391). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dapsac.98.16zor.
Publicado
2026-05-14
Cómo citar
Díaz González, J. (2026). Las teorías de la conspiración y las grandes farmacéuticas: una revisión sistemática sobre el caso Pfizer y el llamado Pfizergate. Erebea. Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 15, 57-85. https://doi.org/10.33776/EUHU/erebea.v15i.9601
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MONOGRÁFICO
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