Unleash the Potential of Mystery, Ghost & Paranormal Tourism through the lens of locals in Kuldhara, Rajasthan, India: A qualitative study
Keywords:
mystery tourism, ghost tours, paranormal, perceptions, Kuldhara, Rajasthan, Thematic analysis, mystery tourism, ghost tours, paranormal perceptions, Kuldhara, Rajasthan, Thematic analysis
Abstract
Mystery tourism is a novel topic related to travelling to events or destinations based on some stories, myths, beliefs of the host community or tourists. This also includes the myths and curiosity of locals and travelers about some known and unknown incidents or places. This paper aims to find out the experiences and perceptions of locals regarding mystery tourism in Kuldhara, Rajasthan. Ghost tours, paranormal investigations, and haunted stories have attracted many tourists to Kuldhara. In-depth interviews with 25 residents of Kuldhara, Rajasthan, reveal that residents have positive beliefs and ideologies regarding ghosts and paranormal activities. The study took in year (March 2022 to Feb 2023). The researchers identified purposive sampling and snow balling which has been used in previous studies too. This study is qualitative, and researchers employed thematic analysis techniques manually. Five major themes emerged from mystery tourism in Kuldhara, i.e., Myth & Tales, Perception of locals, Role of Government and Private bodies, Impact of mystery tourism and economic benefits. The study reveals that most locals face mysterious incidents and believe in ghosts and paranormal activities. This study generates curiosity among the readers and researchers to understand and explore the concepts of mystery tourism in a better way. Implications for developing mystery tourism attractions and support for resident well-being are offered.
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References
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· Jordan, E. J., & Prayag, G. (2022). Residents’ cognitive appraisals, emotions, and coping strategies at local dark tourism sites. Journal of Travel Research, 61(4), 887-902.
· Knobloch, U., Robertson, K., & Aitken, R. (2017). Experience, emotion, and eudaimonia: A consideration of tourist experiences and well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 651-662.
· Kolk, H. A. (2020). Negative heritage: The material-cultural politics of the American haunted history tour. Journal of Cultural Geography, 37(2), 117–156.
· Korstanje, M. E., & Ivanov, S. H. (2012). Tourism as a form of new psychological resilience: The inception of dark tourism. CULTUr-revista de Cultura e Turismo, 6(4), 56-71
· Krisjanous, J., & Carruthers, J. (2018). Walking on the light side: Investigating the world of ghost tour operators and entrepreneurial marketing. Qualitative Market Research, 21(2), 232–252.
· Lange, R., Houran, J., Harte, T. M., & Havens, R. A. (1996). Contextual mediation of perceptions in hauntings and poltergeist-like experiences. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 755–762.
· Lee, Y. J. (2021). Tourist behavioural intentions in ghost tourism: The case of Taiwan. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(5), 958-970.
· Light, D. (2007). Dracula tourism in Romania cultural identity and the state. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3), 746–765.
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· Martini, A., & Buda, D. M. (2020). Dark tourism and affect: Framing places of death and disaster. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 679-692.
· Morakabati, Y., Page, S. J., & Fletcher, J. (2017). Emergency management and tourism stakeholder responses to crises: A global survey. Journal of Travel Research, 56(3), 299-316.
· Musch, J., & Ehrenberg, K. (2002). Probability misjudgment, cognitive ability, and belief in the paranormal. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 169–177.
· Nawijn, J., & Fricke, M. C. (2015). Visitor emotions and behavioral intentions: The case of concentration camp memorial Neuengamme. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 221-228.
· Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., van Liempt, A., & Gridnevskiy, K. (2016). Emotion clusters for concentration camp memorials. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.005 retrieved 10th August, 2022.
· Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., Gridnevskiy, K., & Van Liempt, A. (2018). Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites: An exploratory study into expected emotional response. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(2), 175-190.
· Nawijn, J., & Biran, A. (2019). Negative emotions in tourism: A meaningful analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(19), 2386-2398.
· Obradović, S., Pivac, T., Besermenji, S., & Tešin, A. (2021). Possibilities for paranormal tourism development in Serbia. Eastern European Countryside, 27(1), 203-233.
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· Pearce, P. L. (2011). Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world. Bristol, United Kingdom; Buffalo, NY;: Channel View Publications.
· Pearce, P. L. (2012). The experience of visiting home and familiar places. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1024-1047. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.018
· Pharino, C., Pearce, P., & Pryce, J. (2018). Paranormal tourism: Assessing tourists' onsite experiences. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 20-28.
· Pharino, C. (2019). Paranormal tourism: case studies in Southeast Asian countries (Doctoral dissertation, James Cook University).
· Rodríguez-Santos, M. C., González-Fernández, A. M., & Cervantes-Blanco, M. (2013). Weak cognitive image of cultural tourism destinations. Quality & Quantity, 47(2), 881-895. doi:10.1007/s11135-011-9571-5
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· Smith, C. L., Johnson, J. L., & Hathaway, W. (2009). Personality contributes to belief in paranormal phenomena. Individual Differences Research, 7(2), 85–96
· Smith, S. (2015). A sense of place: Place, culture and tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 40, 220–233.
· Stanovich, K. E. (2004). How to think straight about psychology (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
· Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003
· Strielkowski, W. (2013). Mystery and thriller tourism: Novel solutions for European cities. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 61(3), 277-287.
· Thompson, R. C. (2010). “Am I Going to See a Ghost Tonight?”: Gettysburg Ghost Tours and the Performance of Belief. The Journal of American Culture, 33(2), 79-91.
· ThunderTix. (June, 2017). Ghost tours are scary big business. https://www.thundertix.com/tours/ghost-tours-are-scary-bigbusiness/ retrieved 22nd Feb 2023.
· Van Notten, P. W. F., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M. B. A., & Rothman, D. S. (2003). An updated scenario typology. Futures, 35(5), 423-443. doi:10.1016/S0016- 3287(02)00090-3
· Wu, C., Funck, C., & Hayashi, Y. (2014). The impact of host community on destination (re) branding: A case study of Hiroshima. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 546-555.
· Yuksel, F., Bramwell, B., & Yuksel, A. (1999). Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey. Tourism management, 20(3), 351-360.
· Ashworth, G. J., & Isaac, R. K. (2015). Have we illuminated the dark? Shifting perspectives on ‘dark’tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(3), 316-325.
· Biran, A., Liu, W., Li, G., & Eichhorn, V. (2014). Consuming post-disaster destinations: The case of Sichuan. Annals of Tourism Research, 47, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.03.004 retrieved 14h May, 2022.
· Buda, D. M. (2015). The death drive in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 39-51.
· Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
· Bressan, P. (2002). The connection between random sequences, everyday coincidences, and belief in the paranormal. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16, 17–34.
· Bristow, R. S. (2020). Communitas in fright tourism. Tourism Geographies, 22(2), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1708445 retrieved 12th May , 2022.
· Chahal, H., & Devi, A. (2015). Destination attributes and destination image relationship in volatile tourist destination: Role of perceived risk. Metamorphosis, 14(2), 1–19.
· Chandel, R. S., & Kanga, S. (2019). Ecotourism Potential in Western Rajasthan. A Case Study of Jaisalmer District. SGVU J Clim Chang Water, 6, 8-15.
· Choy, L. T. (2014). The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR journal of humanities and social science, 19(4), 99-104.
· Coats, A., & Ferguson, S. (2013). Rubbernecking or rejuvenation: Post earthquake perceptions and the implications for business practice in a dark tourism context. Journal of Research for Consumers, 23(1), 32-65.
· Dancausa, G., Hernandez, R., & Sanchez-Rivas, J. (2019). Analysis of the demand of dark tourism: A case study in Cordoba (Spain). Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 161–176
· Decrop, A. (2004). Trustworthiness in qualitative tourism research. In Qualitative research in tourism (pp. 174-176). Routledge.
· DeLyser, D. (1999). Authenticity on the ground: Engaging the past in a California ghost town. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 89(4), 602–632.
· Drinkwater, K., Massullo, B., Dagnall, N., Laythe, B., Boone, J., & Houran, J.(2020). Understanding consumer enchantment via paranormal tourism: Part I—Conceptual review. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly.
· Esmaeili Taheri, A., Chatterton, S., Foroud, N. A., Gossen, B. D., & McLaren, D. L. (2017). Identification and community dynamics of fungi associated with root, crown, and foot rot of field pea in western Canada. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 147, 489-500.
· Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
· Fyall, A., Garrod, B., & Wang, Y. (2012). Destination collaboration: A critical review of theoretical approaches to a multi-dimensional phenomenon. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1(1-2), 10-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.10.002
· Fyall, A., & Garrod, B. (2018). Destination management. In C. Cooper, S. Volo, W. C. Gartner, & N. Scott (Eds.), The Sage handbook of tourism management: Application of theories and concepts to tourism (Vol. 1, pp. 91-110). London United Kingdom: SAGE Publication.
· Garriga, E. (2009). Cooperation in stakeholder networks: Firms' 'Tertius Iungens' role. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(S4), 623-637. doi:10.1007/s10551-010- 0596-9
· Gentry, G. W. (2007). Walking with the dead: The place of ghost walk tourism in Savannah. Southeastern Geographer, 47(2), 222–238. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2007.0023 retrieved 23rd Jan,2023
· Goldstein, D., Grider, S., & Thomas, J. B. (2007). Haunting experiences: Ghosts in contemporary folklore. University Press of Colorado.
· Goffman, E. (2002). The presentation of self in everyday life. 1959. Garden City, NY, 259.
· Guest, Greg, Arwen Bunce, and Laura Johnson. 2006. “How Many Interviews Are Enough? An Experiment with Data Saturation and Variability.” Field Methods 18 (1): 59–82.
· Haynes, E. D. (2016). Paranormal tourism: Study of economics and public policy.
· Heidelberg, B. A. W. (2015). Managing ghosts: Exploring local government involvement in dark tourism. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(1), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2014. 953538 retrieved 15th June, 2022
· Holloway, J. (2010). Legend-tripping in spooky spaces: Ghost tourism and infrastructures of enchantment. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 28(4), 618–637. https://doi.org/ 10.1068/d9909 retrieved 2nd September, 2022
Houran, J., Hill, S. A., Haynes, E. D., & Bielski, U. A. (2020). Paranormal tourism: Market study of a novel and interactive approach to space activation and monetization. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 61(3) 287-311.
· Ironside, R. (2018). The allure of dark tourism: legend tripping and ghost seeking in dark places. In D. Waskul & M. Eaton (Eds.), The supernatural in society, culture and history (pp. 95–115). Temple University Press
· Jani, D., Jang, C. I., & Hwang, Y. H. (2009). Differential effects of tourism resources on the attractiveness of destination bundles. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 9(1), 23–36.
· Jensen, A.L., Arnett, J.J., McKenzie, J. (2011). Globalization and Cultural Identity. In S.J. Schwartz et al. (eds.), Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, (pp. 285301), New York: Springer. DOI 10.1007/978‐1‐4419‐7988‐9_13
· Jordan, E. J., & Prayag, G. (2022). Residents’ cognitive appraisals, emotions, and coping strategies at local dark tourism sites. Journal of Travel Research, 61(4), 887-902.
· Knobloch, U., Robertson, K., & Aitken, R. (2017). Experience, emotion, and eudaimonia: A consideration of tourist experiences and well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 651-662.
· Kolk, H. A. (2020). Negative heritage: The material-cultural politics of the American haunted history tour. Journal of Cultural Geography, 37(2), 117–156.
· Korstanje, M. E., & Ivanov, S. H. (2012). Tourism as a form of new psychological resilience: The inception of dark tourism. CULTUr-revista de Cultura e Turismo, 6(4), 56-71
· Krisjanous, J., & Carruthers, J. (2018). Walking on the light side: Investigating the world of ghost tour operators and entrepreneurial marketing. Qualitative Market Research, 21(2), 232–252.
· Lange, R., Houran, J., Harte, T. M., & Havens, R. A. (1996). Contextual mediation of perceptions in hauntings and poltergeist-like experiences. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82, 755–762.
· Lee, Y. J. (2021). Tourist behavioural intentions in ghost tourism: The case of Taiwan. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(5), 958-970.
· Light, D. (2007). Dracula tourism in Romania cultural identity and the state. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3), 746–765.
· Locker, M. (2014, October 31). The boo-tiful business of ghost tourism. Fortune, Features: Halloween. https://fortune. com/2014/10/31/the-boo-tiful-business-of-ghost-tourism retrieved 24th May, 2022
· Martini, A., & Buda, D. M. (2020). Dark tourism and affect: Framing places of death and disaster. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 679-692.
· Morakabati, Y., Page, S. J., & Fletcher, J. (2017). Emergency management and tourism stakeholder responses to crises: A global survey. Journal of Travel Research, 56(3), 299-316.
· Musch, J., & Ehrenberg, K. (2002). Probability misjudgment, cognitive ability, and belief in the paranormal. British Journal of Psychology, 93, 169–177.
· Nawijn, J., & Fricke, M. C. (2015). Visitor emotions and behavioral intentions: The case of concentration camp memorial Neuengamme. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 221-228.
· Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., van Liempt, A., & Gridnevskiy, K. (2016). Emotion clusters for concentration camp memorials. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.005 retrieved 10th August, 2022.
· Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., Gridnevskiy, K., & Van Liempt, A. (2018). Holocaust concentration camp memorial sites: An exploratory study into expected emotional response. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(2), 175-190.
· Nawijn, J., & Biran, A. (2019). Negative emotions in tourism: A meaningful analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(19), 2386-2398.
· Obradović, S., Pivac, T., Besermenji, S., & Tešin, A. (2021). Possibilities for paranormal tourism development in Serbia. Eastern European Countryside, 27(1), 203-233.
· Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative social work, 1(3), 261-283.
· Pearce, P. L. (2011). Tourist behaviour and the contemporary world. Bristol, United Kingdom; Buffalo, NY;: Channel View Publications.
· Pearce, P. L. (2012). The experience of visiting home and familiar places. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1024-1047. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.11.018
· Pharino, C., Pearce, P., & Pryce, J. (2018). Paranormal tourism: Assessing tourists' onsite experiences. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 20-28.
· Pharino, C. (2019). Paranormal tourism: case studies in Southeast Asian countries (Doctoral dissertation, James Cook University).
· Rodríguez-Santos, M. C., González-Fernández, A. M., & Cervantes-Blanco, M. (2013). Weak cognitive image of cultural tourism destinations. Quality & Quantity, 47(2), 881-895. doi:10.1007/s11135-011-9571-5
· Sagers, A. (n.d.). Paranormal glossary. Travel Channel. http:// www.travelchannel.com/interests/haunted/articles/paranormal-glossary retrieved 15th Feb ,2023.
· Smith, C. L., Johnson, J. L., & Hathaway, W. (2009). Personality contributes to belief in paranormal phenomena. Individual Differences Research, 7(2), 85–96
· Smith, S. (2015). A sense of place: Place, culture and tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 40, 220–233.
· Stanovich, K. E. (2004). How to think straight about psychology (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
· Stone, P., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.003
· Strielkowski, W. (2013). Mystery and thriller tourism: Novel solutions for European cities. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 61(3), 277-287.
· Thompson, R. C. (2010). “Am I Going to See a Ghost Tonight?”: Gettysburg Ghost Tours and the Performance of Belief. The Journal of American Culture, 33(2), 79-91.
· ThunderTix. (June, 2017). Ghost tours are scary big business. https://www.thundertix.com/tours/ghost-tours-are-scary-bigbusiness/ retrieved 22nd Feb 2023.
· Van Notten, P. W. F., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M. B. A., & Rothman, D. S. (2003). An updated scenario typology. Futures, 35(5), 423-443. doi:10.1016/S0016- 3287(02)00090-3
· Wu, C., Funck, C., & Hayashi, Y. (2014). The impact of host community on destination (re) branding: A case study of Hiroshima. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 546-555.
· Yuksel, F., Bramwell, B., & Yuksel, A. (1999). Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey. Tourism management, 20(3), 351-360.
Published
2023-12-31
How to Cite
Sharma , R., SINGH, K., & Bagri, S. (2023). Unleash the Potential of Mystery, Ghost & Paranormal Tourism through the lens of locals in Kuldhara, Rajasthan, India: A qualitative study. ENLIGHTENING TOURISM. A PATHMAKING JOURNAL, 13(2), 138-164. https://doi.org/10.33776/et.v13i2.7636
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